Zambia’s Debt Deal and Human Survival

The Zambia Paradox: Can a 92% Debt Restructuring Survive the ‘Rule by Terror’?

The perspective on the socio-political and economic environment in Zambia is a 2026 Pre-Budget Survey Report produced by KPMG and the UNDP, which gathers insights from local businesses to influence national fiscal policy. It highlights how inflation, currency volatility, and high utility costs have pressured corporate profitability, while advocating for sustainable development goals and debt restructuring.

1. The Hook: A Nation at a Crossroads

As Zambia approaches its 2026 fiscal cycle, the nation finds itself trapped in a profound macroeconomic irony. To the international community, the New Dawn administration presents a story of triumphant recovery, headlined by the restructuring of 92% of its external debt as of March 2025. However, the data suggests a widening structural bottleneck: while the official 2025 GDP growth target remains an optimistic 6.6%, the mid-year outturn of 4.5% reveals a stalling engine. For a nation where 60% of the population languishes below the poverty line, the “resilience” celebrated in government corridors has yet to penetrate the household level. The 2026 Pre-Budget Survey findings capture a private sector under duress, where corporate stability is being eroded by what stakeholders describe as a “rule by terror” and a widening gap between fiscal targets and lived reality.

2. The Debt Paradox: Restructured but Not Transparent

The milestone of debt restructuring was intended to signal the end of Zambia’s sovereign risk crisis, yet stakeholder perception remains characterized by profound skepticism. This fiscal friction point illustrates a crisis of confidence: while 77% of respondents expressed moderate-to-high satisfaction with the restructuring agreement, the goodwill is evaporating due to a perceived lack of accountability regarding the “fiscal space” created by these deals.Approximately 39% of survey respondents explicitly cited a “lack of transparency” in how freed-up funds are being reallocated. This concern is weaponized by political critics like lawyer and former MP Makebi Zulu, who argues that the narrative of relief is a mirage. Citing recent IMF data, Zulu claims that Zambia’s total debt has actually ballooned to $21 billion—a staggering leap from the $11.9 billion recorded at the start of the current administration’s tenure.”The results of these government actions are beginning to show… Nonetheless, significant headwinds remain. Key concerns identified by stakeholders include a lack of transparency in the use of the freed-up fiscal space (39%).” —  KPMG 2026 Pre-Budget Survey Report

3. The ESG Mandate: A Surprising Consensus

In a surprising shift, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria have moved from peripheral corporate social responsibility to a core strategy for sovereign survival. This consensus suggests that Zambian firms view sustainability as the only viable response to persistent structural impediments caused by climate-related shocks.With 42% of businesses reporting direct negative impacts from climate events—notably the devastating 2024 droughts—an overwhelming 85% of respondents now support the integration of ESG criteria into government investment decisions. Furthermore, 57% of stakeholders view dedicated climate financing funds as “extremely important.” For these firms, the ESG mandate is not a luxury; it is a defensive mechanism against a “resource curse” aggravated by erratic weather patterns and energy insecurity.

4. The Silent Struggle of the MSME

While the government focuses on high-level fiscal consolidation, the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector is facing a liquidity crunch that threatens the country’s employment backbone. The survey reveals a staggering “low or no satisfaction” rate of 67% to 71% regarding government financial initiatives and value chain integration.The primary barriers to entry and growth have become existential:

Currency Volatility:  A dominant 74% of respondents identified Kwacha fluctuations as a “high to highest” impact factor on their operations, creating an unpredictable environment for planning and procurement.

Utility Costs:  74% of businesses cited the rising cost of utilities as a primary operational challenge, further squeezing margins already thinned by inflation.

Scaling Down:  In response to these pressures, 49% of businesses have scaled down operations, signaling a retreat in private sector investment that could take years to reverse.

5. Taxing for Inclusion: Beyond Revenue Mobilization

With a Gini coefficient of 0.51—the highest in the region—Zambia’s 2026 budget must address the country’s status as a medium-human-development laggard. Beyond mere revenue collection, stakeholders are calling for “Social Stability” taxes that use the fiscal system to mitigate extreme inequality. The macroeconomic rationale is clear: without inclusive growth, the risk of social unrest becomes a sovereign risk factor.The top three proposals for the 2026 budget include:

Removing VAT on Essential Basic Goods:  Supported by 34% of respondents as a direct tool to combat the poverty trap and reduce the 0.51 Gini coefficient.

Tax Credits for Disability Inclusion:  30% support for corporate deductions for hiring and training persons with disabilities, addressing a sector where 94% of firms currently report zero benefit from existing incentives.

Sanitary Equity:  29% support for removing VAT and excise duties on essential female hygiene products to foster broader economic participation for women.

6. The “Rule by Terror” vs. The Rule of Law

Perhaps the most damaging takeaway for long-term investor confidence is the perceived degradation of the rule of law. The KPMG report notes that volatility and human rights concerns are actively eroding the very stability the government seeks to project. Makebi Zulu’s transcript details a chilling “operationalization” of dissent-stifling through the Cyber Security Act and the Public Order Act.The perception of a “rule by terror” is fueled by specific legal overreaches: the routine violation of the 48-hour detention rule, the use of custodial sentences for political critics, and a new, invasive mandate for CCTV registration and state access to private security feeds. These measures, described by Zulu as “intended to stifle dissent,” suggest a move away from the “marketplace of ideas” that a healthy economy requires.”It’s a rule by terror. You can’t rule by terror. You can’t be threatening people to silence… they’re saying that we want to be listening in, we want to be intercepting your calls… they’re even introducing an issue of CCTV where you have to register… they want to have access to it.” —  Makebi Zulu, Senior Advocate and Politician

7. Corrective Taxes: A New Social Contract?

Despite the general outcry against the “taxation burden,” there is a budding public appetite for “sin taxes”—provided they are part of a transparent social contract. Stakeholders expressed overwhelming support for increased taxes on tobacco and high-polluting fuels, but only if the revenues are “ring-fenced.”This shift in public thought suggests that citizens are willing to accept higher costs for specific goods if the resulting 21-27% of revenue is dedicated strictly to healthcare and education infrastructure. This demand for “earmarked” spending is a direct result of the perceived failure of the debt restructuring process to deliver tangible improvements in public service delivery.

8. Conclusion: The Question of 2026

The 2026 National Budget represents a terminal choice for the Zambian state: will it double down on an austerity-driven “fiscal consolidation” that satisfies creditors but starves citizens, or will it pivot toward “inclusive development”?The data is unequivocal: 85% of stakeholders are calling for ESG-driven governance and 70% are demanding an end to the “secrecy” surrounding state-owned enterprises. The government must decide if it will heed these voices or if it will continue to protect the political “dinosaurs” and “caderism” that critics allege are stalling the nation’s progress. At a Gini coefficient of 0.51, the price of choosing political preservation over structural reform may be more than the Zambian economy can afford to pay.