{"id":1219,"date":"2022-11-07T09:11:38","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T09:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=1219"},"modified":"2022-11-07T09:11:45","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T09:11:45","slug":"how-can-black-people-feel-safe-and-have-confidence-in-policing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/how-can-black-people-feel-safe-and-have-confidence-in-policing\/","title":{"rendered":"How can black people feel safe and have confidence in\u00a0policing?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clare-torrible-1324208\">Clare Torrible<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policeconduct.gov.uk\/news\/statement-read-out-opening-inquest-death-chris-kaba\">inquest<\/a> into the death of Chris Kaba opened on October 4 2022. Kaba, an unarmed black man, was shot and killed in Streatham Hill, south London on September 5 2022 by a Metropolitan police officer. <\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Whatever the outcome of this inquest, the feelings it has evoked in black communities are all too familiar. Kaba\u2019s death comes in the wake of recent, high-profile cases that have severely shaken the trust many black people have in the police throughout the UK. These include the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/whiteness-is-at-the-heart-of-racism-in-britain-so-why-is-it-portrayed-as-a-black-problem-181742\">strip-search of Child Q<\/a> in London, the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dalian-atkinson-manslaughter-conviction-for-pc-but-justice-for-police-violence-remains-elusive-163457\">manslaughter of Dalian Atkinson<\/a> in Telford, and in Bristol, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bristol247.com\/news-and-features\/features\/judah-adunbi-the-long-battle-for-justice\/\">the tasering of Judah Adunbi<\/a>, a respected community elder and former police race relations advisor. <\/p>\n<p>It also sits alongside shocking statistics concerning the disproportionate use of force, and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-are-strip-searches-not-a-matter-of-public-debate-in-the-uk-186515\">stop and search<\/a>, against racialised minorities.<\/p>\n<h2>How disproportionate policing impacts black communities<\/h2>\n<p>In 2019-2020, black people in England and Wales were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk\/hmicfrs\/publications\/disproportionate-use-of-police-powers-a-spotlight-on-stop-and-search-and-the-use-of-force\/\">5.7 times<\/a> more likely to have force used on them than white people, and nine times more likely to have Tasers drawn against them. In the same year, people from racialised minorities in England and Wales were 4.1 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people. For black people, this figure rises to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2020\/oct\/27\/black-people-nine-times-more-likely-to-face-stop-and-search-than-white-people\">8.9 times<\/a>.  <\/p>\n<p>Most police forces <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk\/hmicfrs\/publications\/disproportionate-use-of-police-powers-a-spotlight-on-stop-and-search-and-the-use-of-force\/link\">cannot adequately explain<\/a> this disproportionality \u2013 despite His Majesty\u2019s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire &amp; Rescue Services issuing repeated instructions for them to improve their record-keeping.  <\/p>\n<p>Context is everything. If disproportionate policing is to be effectively tackled, it is vital to truly understand the depth of the fear and hurt it creates and the impact it has on the daily lives of people. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/law\/news\/2022\/clare-torrible-policing-law-i-am-judah.html\">My involvement<\/a> in a new documentary about Judah Adunbi\u2019s experience at the hands of Bristol police has brought home to me the importance of recognising this context. The film, entitled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/iamjudahfilm\">I am Judah<\/a>, depicts police officers tasering Adunbi in the face after mistaking him for another black man. It explores the criminal and misconduct process which exonerated both the officers involved. It also forms an active part of Adunbi\u2019s fight for justice and change. <\/p>\n<p>As a crowdfunded project, this documentary bears witness to the community\u2019s outrage at the way Adunbi was treated, and the frustration people feel when the police are not held properly to account. It also speaks to the fear of ongoing harassment and arbitrary force that disproportionate policing engenders in communities. <\/p>\n<h2>How police misconduct is assessed<\/h2>\n<p>Central to these cases is how police behaviour is assessed and when it amounts to misconduct. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2020\/4\/made\">Police regulations stipulate<\/a> that any use of force be \u201cnecessary, proportionate and reasonable in all the circumstances\u201d. A crucial consideration here is whether what is \u201creasonable in all the circumstances\u201d is judged objectively, or whether it is based on the officers\u2019 honest belief at the time. <\/p>\n<p>The court of appeal  recently confirmed that it is for the misconduct tribunal to decide what was reasonable in all the circumstances. Until this ruling, officers\u2019 honest belief was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.judiciary.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/RW80-v-APPROVED-JUDGMENT-SUMMARY-1.pdf\">a more dominant factor<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>This is a significant decision. If the test of whether police use of force amounts to misconduct centres on what the officer honestly believed, it runs the risk of not taking into account <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/bias-be-gone-can-our-unconscious-prejudices-be-overcome-175636\">unconscious bias<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>Mistaking one black man for another black man and then basing the use of force on that mistake is just one example of police behaviour that can be rooted in such bias. A misconduct system that permits honest mistakes to operate as a defence can then inadvertently reinforce that bias. In doing so, it not only means that the right lessons are not <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10439463.2020.1838516\">learned by the police<\/a>. It also fails to reassure racialised communities that they will not be subjected to arbitrary use of force. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-the-police-in-england-and-wales-must-do-more-than-just-learn-lessons-179052\">Research has repeatedly found<\/a> a defensive and uncooperative culture within the police in relation to allegations of wrongdoing. This coincides with a tendency for internal performance and misconduct processes to meticulously gather evidence, while <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2016.1191486.\">failing<\/a> to meaningfully challenge officers\u2019 accounts of events. A system that focuses on officers\u2019 honest belief only serves to support this tendency.  <\/p>\n<p>Police stakeholders are now appealing to the supreme court over the court of appeal\u2019s ruling. They are seeking a return to the focus on officers\u2019 honest belief, which is concerning. <\/p>\n<p>The incoming Metropolitan police commissioner Mark Rowley was appointed in September 2022, following <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-london-62839529\">serious concerns<\/a> over police occupational culture. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2022\/sep\/27\/new-met-commissioner-declines-to-say-whether-force-is-institutionally-racist\">His refusal<\/a> to confirm or deny a view on whether the Met is institutionally racist reinforces that concern.<\/p>\n<p>For unconscious bias to be eradicated and the disproportionate policing it results in to be tackled, it is crucial the supreme court upholds the court of appeal\u2019s decision. Without it, black communities\u2019 fears will not be allayed and their confidence will not be restored.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/191521\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1\/1;border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clare-torrible-1324208\">Clare Torrible<\/a>, Senior Lecturer in Law, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-can-black-people-feel-safe-and-have-confidence-in-policing-191521\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Clare Torrible, University of Bristol The inquest into the death of Chris Kaba opened on October 4 2022. Kaba, an unarmed black man, was<a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/how-can-black-people-feel-safe-and-have-confidence-in-policing\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1220,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowu7GVCw:productID":"","_crdt_document":"","activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[3103,3102,3098,3101,722,3099,3096,3100,773,3097,3093,1406,3095,3094,1401,1402,723,921],"class_list":["post-1219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crime","tag-bias","tag-bristol","tag-chris-kaba","tag-clare-torrible","tag-creative-commons","tag-his-majesty-s","tag-hong-kong-police-force","tag-judah-adunbi","tag-london","tag-mark-rowley","tag-misconduct","tag-national-security","tag-police","tag-police-misconduct","tag-prevention","tag-safety","tag-united-kingdom","tag-wales"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/file-20221018-8391-ec9b76-1024x683.jpg","blog_images":{"medium":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/file-20221018-8391-ec9b76-300x200.jpg","large":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/file-20221018-8391-ec9b76-1024x683.jpg"},"ams_acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How can black people feel safe and have confidence in\u00a0policing? 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