{"id":1426,"date":"2022-12-09T08:23:18","date_gmt":"2022-12-09T08:23:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=1426"},"modified":"2022-12-09T08:23:30","modified_gmt":"2022-12-09T08:23:30","slug":"what-is-the-reichsburger-movement-accused-of-trying-to-overthrow-the-german-government","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/what-is-the-reichsburger-movement-accused-of-trying-to-overthrow-the-german-government\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Reichsb\u00fcrger movement accused of trying to overthrow the German\u00a0government?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/claire-burchett-1333210\">Claire Burchett<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/kings-college-london-1196\">King&#8217;s College London<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Police have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/german-police-arrest-25-suspects-over-plot-to-overthrow-state\/a-64011136\">arrested<\/a> 25 people accused of planning to overthrow the German government in a series of raids across the country.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>The group is accused of trying to instate Heinrich XIII \u2013 a descendant of German royalty \u2013 as their leader. Among those arrested were members of the Reichsb\u00fcrger (which translates as citizens of the Reich), a disparate movement of groups and individuals, including some with extreme-right views.<\/p>\n<p>Reichsb\u00fcrger adherents have been stopped from attempting violent action before, but this latest incident and its alleged members have caused greater concern. <\/p>\n<p>A former member of the German parliament, who was also a judge until shortly after her arrest, was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.welt.de\/politik\/deutschland\/article242553091\/Birgit-Malsack-Winkemann-Ex-AfD-Abgeordnete-scheidet-nach-Razzia-als-Richterin-aus.html\">among the group<\/a>. Birgit Malsack-Winkemann was a parliamentary deputy for the far-right Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland (AfD), but left the party in 2021.<\/p>\n<p>Several former soldiers were also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swr.de\/swraktuell\/baden-wuerttemberg\/polizeiaktion-reichsbuerger-razzia-bw-100.html\">arrested<\/a> in connection with the coup plot. This is a cause for great concern for law enforcement, as such ties give possibly dangerous extremists access to weapons and trained individuals.<\/p>\n<p>Earlier in 2022, Heinrich XIII was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdr.de\/nachrichten\/thueringen\/ost-thueringen\/saale-orla\/bad-lobenstein-prinz-heinrich-reuss-xiii-distanziert-100.html\">reported<\/a> in the German press as being close to the Reichsb\u00fcrger scene and a believer of conspiracy theories, prompting his family, the House of Reuss, to publicly distance themselves from him. <\/p>\n<p>He does not, however, have a high profile, apart from a 2019 speech at the WorldWebForum conference in Switzerland, which contained an antisemitic and historical revisionist message. The involvement of an aristocrat speaks to the monarchist motivations of some Reichsb\u00fcrger, who wish to reinstate a Kaiser as head of state. <\/p>\n<h2>What do the Reichsb\u00fcrger believe?<\/h2>\n<p>The Reichsb\u00fcrger do not have a centralised structure but are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tagesspiegel.de\/politik\/reichsburger-szene-wachst-auf-mindestens-21000-menschen-8020021.html\">estimated<\/a> to have at least 21,000 supporters. Their key belief is that the current German state (the Bundesrepublik or Federal Republic), its institutions and democratically elected representatives are not legitimate.<\/p>\n<p>Supporters of the movement refuse to adhere to state authority, such as by paying taxes. They became notorious in the early years of the pandemic for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspeninstitute.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/COVID-19-Pandemic-Conspiracy-Theories-Are-Taking-Over-German-Democracy.pdf\">refusing to comply with COVID-19 restrictions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Some adherents to the movement consider that official German passports and ID cards are illegitimate. While some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmi.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/topthemen\/DE\/topthema-reichsbuerger\/topthema-reichsbuerger.html#:%7E:text=Vielfach%20wird%20von%20Angeh%C3%B6rigen%20der,Besitz%20der%20deutschen%20Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit%20akzeptieren\">prefer<\/a> to use an official certificate of citizenship (called a gelber Schein or yellow certificate), others manufacture their own illegal passports and driver\u2019s licenses. These will often include former German states as places of birth, such as the kingdoms of Bavaria or Prussia. In 2021, a German civil servant was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/germanys-reichsbuerger-searching-an-emperor-fascinated-by-guns-2022-12-07\/\">removed<\/a> from office after he applied for a passport with the Kingdom of Bavaria listed as his birth state. <\/p>\n<p>Members of the group generally believe that some previous version of the German state is in fact the legitimate form \u2013 though there is some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verfassungsschutz.de\/SharedDocs\/publikationen\/EN\/reichsbuerger-and-selbstverwalter\/2018-12-reichsbuerger-und-selbstverwalter-enemies-of-the-state-profiteers-conspiracytheorists.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=5\">inconsistency<\/a> as to which.<\/p>\n<p>Some supporters believe Germany\u2019s true form existed between 1871 and 1918, when the German Reich was established following <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Germany\/Germany-from-1871-to-1918\">unification<\/a> and before the first world war. Others cite the constitution of the interwar Weimar Republic as that of the true Germany. And others still focus on 1937 to demonstrate what they perceive as the legitimate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ww2online.org\/image\/map-1937-germany-published-1945\">boundaries of German territory<\/a>, which then included the former Kingdom of Prussia, now Poland and Russia, but not Austria, which was annexed in 1938.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A map of the German Reich, 1871-1918\" data-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/499781\/original\/file-20221208-7486-krmmcp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">One vision of the \u2018true\u2019 Germany amongst this extremist group dates back to before the first world war.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unification_of_Germany#\/media\/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png\">Wikipedia<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A uniting belief among the Reichsb\u00fcrger is that the current German state lacks sovereignty. They think the western allies (France, the UK and US) supposedly retained control after their occupation of West Germany ended in 1955. Therefore, some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bige.bayern.de\/infos_zu_extremismus\/aktuelle_meldungen\/deutsches-reich-und-brd-gmbh-verschworungstheorien-in-der-reichsburger-und-selbstverwalter-ideologie\/\">believe<\/a> that the current German state is a puppet regime which does not support the interests of the German people. <\/p>\n<p>They sometimes refer to it as Deutschland GmbH (Limited), implying it has no power over itself and exists only to enrich its controllers. The name BRD GmbH is also used, referring to the abbreviated name for post-war West Germany.<\/p>\n<h2>Revisionist history and antisemitism<\/h2>\n<p>The focus on historical revisionism and erasure of German sovereignty can encourage a conception of Germany as a blameless country with uncomplicated pride. By focusing on pre-war borders and overlooking post-war history, the Reichsb\u00fcrger can ignore Germany\u2019s defeat in the second world war, as well as its process of coming to terms with its Nazi and colonial past, notably the Holocaust and the 1904 <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789047401629\/B9789047401629_s014.xml\">Herero and Nama genocide in Namibia<\/a>. The removal of these dark moments in German history enables the movement\u2019s supporters to focus on their own perceived victimisation as subjects of a German state which they do not recognise.<\/p>\n<p>A similar revisionism is common in the wider German far right, notably some members of the populist <a href=\"https:\/\/rub-europadialog.eu\/the-afd-and-the-commemoration-of-the-holocaust-the-power-of-the-past-to-shape-the-present\">AfD<\/a> party. Repudiation of the Holocaust\u2019s importance and an emphasis on \u201cpositive\u201d moments in German history encourages Holocaust relativisation and antisemitism.<\/p>\n<p>However, unlike the AfD, which has adapted its rhetoric to fit into the political mainstream, some Reichsb\u00fcrger followers entirely disregard current German laws banning Holocaust denial and the dissemination of Nazi propaganda. The group is linked to overt antisemitism and the spread of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verfassungsschutz.de\/SharedDocs\/publikationen\/EN\/reichsbuerger-and-selbstverwalter\/2018-12-reichsbuerger-und-selbstverwalter-enemies-of-the-state-profiteers-conspiracytheorists.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=5\">antisemitic conspiracy theories<\/a> about the power of \u201chigh finance\u201d as well as outright Holocaust denial. In March 2020, German police <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-51961069\">seized<\/a> neo-Nazi propaganda during raids on the homes of some Reichsb\u00fcrger members.<\/p>\n<p>However, the historical revisionism can confuse the picture. Although many of its adherents are antisemitic and glorify the colonial past, the Reichsb\u00fcrger is not specifically defined as a group of right-wing extremists. In truth, only a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/en\/web\/extremismus\/rechtsextremismus\/reichsbuerger\">small<\/a> portion of the movement can be defined as such.<\/p>\n<p>At its core, right-wing extremism is largely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sv.uio.no\/c-rex\/english\/groups\/compendium\/what-is-right-wing-extremism.html\">defined<\/a> as anti-democratic. While many Reichsb\u00fcrger refuse to endorse the legitimacy of Germany\u2019s current democratic state, the lack of unified vision within the movement makes it unclear which system would be preferable, the constitutional monarchy of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the democratic experiment of Weimar Germany or the dictatorship of Nazi Germany. However, in the case of the most recent plot, the key role of Heinrich XIII implies that the goal was the restitution of a constitutional monarchy in the style of Kaiser Wilhelm II\u2019s regime. <\/p>\n<h2>Growing threat?<\/h2>\n<p>Some Reichsb\u00fcrger followers are evidently beginning to engage in political violence. The latest arrests follow multiple other incidents. In 2016, a police officer was killed during a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/what-is-germanys-reichsb%25C3%25BCrger-movement\/a-36094740\">raid<\/a> on a member of the movement\u2019s illegal collection of weapons. In August 2020, members of the Reichsb\u00fcrger attempted to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/german-leaders-slam-extremists-who-rushed-reichstag-steps\/a-54758246\">enter<\/a> the German parliament as part of a protest against COVID-19 restrictions.<\/p>\n<p>The presence of former military figures and a former parliamentarian among the most recently arrested group suggest the Reichsb\u00fcrger are not without potential influence. The AfD has long <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbb-online.de\/kontraste\/ueber_den_tag_hinaus\/demokratie\/Reichsbuerger-Gedankengut_in_der_AfD.html\">denied<\/a> any links to the movement, but has been shifting further and further to the right in recent years. In 2019, the German interior ministry reported that it had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.handelsblatt.com\/politik\/deutschland\/rechtsextremismus-bundesinnenministerium-sieht-reichsbuerger-bezuege-zur-afd\/24006262.html\">identified<\/a> some isolated connections between the Reichsb\u00fcrger and the AfD. <\/p>\n<p>The Reichsb\u00fcrger could be viewed as a fringe group but their ideas clearly appeal to some enough to convince them a coup is a worthwhile undertaking. And links to more influential organisations would make them more dangerous \u2013 which is why this matter has been taken so seriously by the authorities.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/196233\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1\/1;border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/claire-burchett-1333210\">Claire Burchett<\/a>, PhD candidate in European Politics, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/kings-college-london-1196\">King&#8217;s College London<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-is-the-reichsburger-movement-accused-of-trying-to-overthrow-the-german-government-196233\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Claire Burchett, King&#8217;s College London Police have arrested 25 people accused of planning to overthrow the German government in a series of raids across<a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/what-is-the-reichsburger-movement-accused-of-trying-to-overthrow-the-german-government\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowu7GVCw:productID":"","_crdt_document":"","activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[3580,3577,3571,50,2377,3583,3581,722,1399,890,3584,3578,3573,3574,3586,3585,3084,1949,3579,1484,1959,1787,3575,826,811,3572,723,744,983,3582],"class_list":["post-1426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-aftermath-of-the-holocaust","tag-alternative-for-germany","tag-antisemitism","tag-articles","tag-austria","tag-birgit-malsack-winkemann","tag-claire-burchett","tag-creative-commons","tag-france","tag-germany","tag-heinrich-xiii","tag-holocaust-denial","tag-holocaust-studies","tag-irredentism","tag-kaiser-wilhelm","tag-kaiser-wilhelm-ii","tag-kings-college-london","tag-namibia","tag-neo-nazism","tag-poland","tag-political-ideologies","tag-politics","tag-reichsburgerbewegung","tag-russia","tag-switzerland","tag-the-holocaust","tag-united-kingdom","tag-united-states","tag-west-germany","tag-wilhelm-ii"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/file-20221208-6114-2h6e9w-1024x748.jpg","blog_images":{"medium":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/file-20221208-6114-2h6e9w-300x219.jpg","large":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/file-20221208-6114-2h6e9w-1024x748.jpg"},"ams_acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is the Reichsb\u00fcrger movement accused of trying to overthrow the German\u00a0government? 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