{"id":1875,"date":"2023-02-13T13:21:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-13T13:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=1875"},"modified":"2023-02-13T13:21:00","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T13:21:00","slug":"psychopaths-why-theyve-thrived-through-evolutionary-history-and-how-that-may-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/psychopaths-why-theyve-thrived-through-evolutionary-history-and-how-that-may-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Psychopaths: why they\u2019ve thrived through evolutionary history \u2013 and how that may\u00a0change"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jonathan R Goodman<\/a>, University of Cambridge<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

When you start to notice them, psychopaths seem to be everywhere. This is especially true of people in powerful places. By one estimate, as many as 20% of business leaders have \u201cclinically relevant levels\u201d of psychopathic tendencies<\/a> \u2013 despite the fact as little as 1% of the general population<\/a> are considered psychopaths. Psychopaths are characterised by shallow emotions, a lack of empathy, immorality, anti-social behaviour and, importantly, deceptiveness.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

From an evolutionary point of view, psychopathy is puzzling. Given that psychopathic traits are so negative, why do they remain in successive generations? Psychopathy seems to be, in the words of biologists, \u201cmaladaptive\u201d, or disadvantageous. Assuming there\u2019s a genetic component to this family of disorders, we\u2019d expect it to decrease over time. <\/p>\n

But that\u2019s not what we see<\/a> \u2014 and there\u2019s evidence that the tendencies are, at least in some contexts, an evolutionary benefit. According to my own research<\/a>, the reason for this may be down to the ability to fake desirable qualities through deception.<\/p>\n

The power of cheating<\/h2>\n

Trust and trustworthiness are important elements in the story of human social evolution. The most successful people, evolutionarily speaking, are the ones regarded as trustworthy or reliable. <\/p>\n

Trust further encourages cooperation, which has helped us to develop tools, build cities and spread across the world \u2014 even to the most inhospitable environments. No single other species has achieved this, making human cooperation a wonder of the natural world<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yet once our cultural groups became too large to know everyone individually, we needed to find ways to ensure the people we met were likely to be cooperative. It\u2019s easier to trust a parent or sibling when hunting in the wild than to trust a stranger \u2014 the stranger might attack you or refuse to share any meat with you. <\/p>\n

To cooperate with a stranger takes trust \u2013 they have to convince you they\u2019ll do no harm. But they could, of course, cheat by pretending to be trustworthy and thereafter killing you or stealing your meat. <\/p>\n

Cheaters who pull this off will be at an advantage: they\u2019ll have more food and probably be thought of as good hunters by other, unsuspecting people. So cheating posed a problem for non-cheaters.<\/p>\n

Therefore it is thought that cultural groups developed powerful tools<\/a>, such as punishment, to dissuade cheating in cooperative partnerships. Evolutionary psychologists also argue that people evolved what\u2019s called a cheater detection ability<\/a> to tell when someone is likely to be a cheater. This put cheaters at a disadvantage<\/a>, especially in groups where punishment was strict. <\/p>\n

This approach relied on the ability to trust others when it is safe to do so. Some people argue that trust is just a kind of cognitive shortcut<\/a>: rather than making slow and deliberative decisions about whether someone is trustworthy, we look for a few signals, probably subconsciously, and decide. <\/p>\n

We do this every day. When we walk by a restaurant and decide whether to stop in for lunch, we choose whether to trust that the people running it are selling what they advertise, whether their business is hygienic and whether the cost of a meal is fair. Trust is a part of daily life, at every level.<\/p>\n

Yet this presents us with a problem. As I suggest in my research, the more complex society is, the easier it is for people to fake a proclivity for cooperation<\/a> \u2014 whether that\u2019s charging too much at a store or running a multi-national social media company ethically. And cheating while avoiding punishment is, evolutionarily speaking, still the best strategy a person can have. <\/p>\n

\n \"Obscure
\n \u2018No really, you can trust me.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

So, within this framework, what could be better than being a psychopath? It\u2019s effective, to misuse a popular modern phrase, to \u201cfake it till you make it\u201d. You garner trust from others only insofar as that trust is useful to you and then betray trust when you no longer need those people. <\/p>\n

Viewed in this way, it\u2019s surprising there aren\u2019t more psychopaths. They occupy a disproportionate number of powerful positions. They don\u2019t tend to feel the burden of remorse when they misuse others. They even appear to have more relationships \u2014 suggesting that they face no barriers to successful reproduction, the defining criterion of evolutionary success.<\/p>\n

Why not more psychopaths?<\/h2>\n

There are a few convincing theories about why these disorders aren\u2019t more common. Clearly, if everyone were a psychopath, we\u2019d be betrayed constantly and probably completely lose our ability to trust others. <\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, psychopathy is almost undoubtedly only partly genetic and has a lot to do with what\u2019s called \u201chuman phenotypic plasticity\u201d \u2014 the innate ability for our genes to express differently under different circumstances. <\/p>\n

Some people think, for example, that the callous and unemotional traits associated with psychopathy are consequences of a difficult upbringing<\/a>. Insofar as very young children do not receive care or love, they are likely to turn off emotionally \u2014 a kind of evolutionary fail-safe to prevent catastrophic trauma. <\/p>\n

That said, people from different countries don\u2019t associate the same traits with psychopathy. For example, a cross-cultural study<\/a> showed that Iranian participants did not, in contrast to Americans, rate deceitfulness and superficiality as indicative of psychopathy. But the general idea is that while some people have a genetic predisposition to such traits, the tendencies develop mainly in tragic family circumstances. <\/p>\n

People with a morbid fascination with psychopathy should be aware that the object of their interest often is a sad product of the failures of society to support people.<\/p>\n

The cultural context of psychopathy may be a point of hope, however. Psychopathy, at least in part, is a set of characteristics that allows people to thrive \u2014 again, evolutionarily speaking \u2014 even when faced with terrible hardship. But we can, as a society, try to redefine what desirable qualities are. <\/p>\n

Rather than focusing on being good or trustworthy only because of how it can help you get ahead, promoting these qualities for their own sake may help people with antisocial tendencies to treat others well without ulterior motives. <\/p>\n

That\u2019s probably a lesson we can all learn \u2014 but in a world where pathological fakers are the ones who tend to be celebrated and successful, redefining success in terms of ethics may be a way forward.<\/p>\n

The amazing thing about evolution is that we can ultimately help shape it.<\/p>\n

Jonathan R Goodman<\/a>, Researcher, Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jonathan R Goodman, University of Cambridge When you start to notice them, psychopaths seem to be everywhere. 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