{"id":1946,"date":"2023-02-27T07:44:49","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T07:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=1946"},"modified":"2023-04-05T13:35:19","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T13:35:19","slug":"the-cockney-dialect-is-not-dead-its-just-called-essex-now","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/the-cockney-dialect-is-not-dead-its-just-called-essex-now\/","title":{"rendered":"The cockney dialect is not dead \u2013 it\u2019s just called \u2018Essex\u2019\u00a0now"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amanda Cole<\/a>, University of Essex<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

As English dialects go, cockney is one of the most influential. Long considered the preserve of working-class communities in east London, it has shaped the way people speak across the country, from Reading, Milton Keynes and even Hull<\/a> all the way to Glasgow<\/a>. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Even Queen Elizabeth II, throughout her lifetime, began to speak<\/a> in a way that was, well, a little bit less Queen\u2019s English and a little bit more cockney. Compared to the 1950s, by the 1980s the way she said \u201cgoose\u201d, \u201cfood\u201d or \u201cmoon\u201d, for instance, had changed subtly. Her later pronunciation, with the tongue a little bit further forward in the mouth, was in line with the general patterns of change<\/a> in southern England. <\/p>\n

As is often caricatured<\/a>, due to patterns of migration and settlement, the way vowels are pronounced in Australia and New Zealand has some notable similarities with cockney. Similarly to cockney, the Australian take on the word \u201cbake\u201d sounds, to many British ears, more like the word \u201cbike\u201d, which has the potential to cause some confusion. <\/p>\n

Cockney might thus have spread around the world, but research published in 2011 found<\/a> that in east London, young people increasingly speak multicultural London English<\/a>, a different dialect, which includes elements of both cockney and other languages and English dialects from around the world. <\/p>\n

These findings led many to suggest<\/a> that cockney was on the way out. But, cockney certainly didn\u2019t feel dead to me. <\/p>\n

Throughout my childhood, where I lived \u2013 a stone\u2019s throw from east London on a red-brick estate in Essex<\/a> \u2013 my granddad nattered away in rhyming slang. We sang rounds of cockney ding dongs (songs) such as Knees up Mother Brown, and our local pie and mash shop thrived. <\/p>\n

In my newly published research<\/a>, I have shown that cockney hasn\u2019t disappeared \u2013 it just moved to a semi-detached house in Essex. Cockney\u2019s descendants in Essex have kept the foundations the same, but they\u2019ve knocked through some walls, built an extension and added a lick of paint. The Essex dialect is built on the foundations of cockney with some new elements. <\/p>\n

Why east Londoners moved to Essex<\/h2>\n

Over the 20th century, more than a million people left east London, due to, among other things, de-industrialisation, overcrowding and poverty. My grandparents, and through them my great-grandparents, recounted tales of biting poverty growing up in east London. <\/p>\n

They spoke of having to eat their pet rabbits in desperation, suffering from drawn-out illnesses without medical intervention or diagnoses and relying on food donated by the local church. My parents were the first generation in my family to not have their teeth pulled out, at the age of 21 and often with pliers at the butchers, to avoid the cost of future dental treatment. <\/p>\n

The government set up programmes<\/a> to relocate families to new-build towns<\/a> and council estates in the London peripheries. My four grandparents moved in the early 1950s and 1970s to fully modernised, semi-detached houses on council estates in southern Essex. <\/p>\n

My father\u2019s family moved to the Debden Estate, now often referred to as simply \u201cDebden\u201d. This is where my sister and I were raised, too. <\/p>\n

To find out if the cockney dialect moved out of east London along with its speakers, I drew up a long list of all the different linguistic elements of cockney or London dialects that were mentioned<\/a> in 20th-century and early 21st-century publications. <\/p>\n

These included pronouncing \u201cthing\u201d as \u201cfing\u201d; not pronouncing the \u201ch\u201d in \u201chouse\u201d; pronouncing the \u201cl\u201d in words like \u201cmilk\u201d as a vowel sound so that it sounds like \u201cmiwk\u201d; saying \u201ctheirselves\u201d and \u201chisself\u201d instead of \u201cthemselves\u201d and \u201chimself\u201d; saying \u201cink\u201d instead of \u201cing\u201d in words like \u201csomething\u201d and \u201cnothing\u201d, so they\u2019d become \u201csomefink\u201d and \u201cnofink\u201d; and, unlike many other dialects of English, not saying \u201cboard\u201d and \u201cbored\u201d identically. <\/p>\n

\n \"A
\n The Debden housing estate.<\/span>
\n Richard Cole<\/span>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I then interviewed the first generation who, like my dad, grew up in Debden after their parents were relocated from east London in the late 1940s and 1950s. I found<\/a> that those who grew up in Essex overwhelmingly still used nearly all these elements of cockney. <\/p>\n

In some instances, theirs is an even more extreme version of cockney than that previously documented in London. For instance, as mentioned, it has long been known that cockneys say \u201cl\u201d as \u201cw\u201d in many words. <\/p>\n

However, it was previously thought that cockneys do indeed pronounce the \u201cl\u201d (and don\u2019t say \u201cw\u201d) when it occurs between two vowels such as in the phrase \u201cpass the ball over here\u201d. In Debden, I found that even in such phrases, the \u201cl\u201d could be pronounced as a \u201cw\u201d sound. <\/p>\n

Generational differences<\/h2>\n

Interestingly though, people don\u2019t always call the way of speaking in Debden \u201ccockney\u201d. I have found<\/a> that those born in Essex, particularly younger generations, tend to consider their accent to be an \u201cEssex\u201d one. By contrast, the older generations born in east London are much more likely to consider their accent to be a \u201ccockney\u201d one. <\/p>\n

Our identity and the geographic boundaries within which we live impact the way we speak and how we define our own accent. Research<\/a> has found that the way people speak in the town of Middlesbrough, say, has fluctuated over time in line with the repeated redrawing of local administrative boundaries, and the town being considered variously part of Yorkshire, Teeside or Cleveland. <\/p>\n

Even people who aren\u2019t from Essex have changed the way they perceive and judge an Essex accent in line with the arrival of ockneys to the county. My previous research showed<\/a> how the stigma and negative stereotypes<\/a> previously associated with cockney have come to be associated with Essex. On average, people with Essex accents are judged to sound less intelligent, friendly and trustworthy than people from other parts of south-east England. <\/p>\n

Not only has people\u2019s sense of identity changed in Debden but, as all dialects inevitably do, the cockney dialect has changed on Essex soil. Younger people in Essex speak slightly differently<\/a> to their east London-raised elders. <\/p>\n

They are less likely to drop an \u201ch\u201d or say \u201canyfink\u201d. And their vowels are less extreme. \u201cMouth\u201d is slightly less likely to become \u201cmahf\u201d. They also say new things that are much less common among their London-raised parents and grandparents such as \u201cat the end of the day\u201d when introducing the most important point in a discussion. And saying \u201cyous\u201d when referring to more than one person.<\/p>\n

The cockney dialect has lived a rich and colourful life. She has travelled widely, borne a large family of children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews, and she even met the queen. She hasn\u2019t died \u2013 she\u2019s just called \u201cEssex\u201d now.<\/p>\n

Amanda Cole<\/a>, Lecturer in Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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