{"id":2083,"date":"2023-03-13T09:50:24","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T09:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=2083"},"modified":"2023-03-13T09:50:24","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T09:50:24","slug":"uncovering-the-secret-religious-and-spiritual-lives-of-sex-workers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/uncovering-the-secret-religious-and-spiritual-lives-of-sex-workers\/","title":{"rendered":"Uncovering the secret religious and spiritual lives of sex\u00a0workers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Daisy Matthews<\/a>, Nottingham Trent University<\/a><\/em> and Jane Pilcher<\/a>, Nottingham Trent University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tanya* is telling me just how important her Methodist Christianity<\/a> is to her. We\u2019re chatting over a video call, and I can see Tanya\u2019s living room in the background. This also happens to be her workspace because Tanya, who is 50, is a full-time phone and cam sex worker. For Tanya, earning her living through sex work does not conflict with her religious beliefs at all. Tanya tells me that she had a client who talked to her about his enjoyment of wearing women\u2019s clothing. He confided in her because they both shared the same religious identity. <\/p>\n

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He [the client] started talking more and more \u2026 he said I listen \u2026 he told me he goes to church every Sunday and was a church elder and he opened up. I also said to him \u2026 that I used to go to Sunday school every week and so we connected \u2026 because I am not going OMG when he told me. And he asked me if I still go to chapel now, and I said no but I still pray and believe in God, and he said that\u2019s nice.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Tanya reassured her client that there was \u201cno need to feel guilty\u201d, that what they were doing wasn\u2019t \u201cwrong\u201d. She even told him: \u201cI bet there are other people in the church who do it\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tanya was one of 11 sex workers I spoke to who all had spiritual and religious beliefs. I wanted to discover how these two seemingly opposite life choices could interconnect and coexist. I discovered people like Tanya, who spoke to their clients about God and religion, but I also spoke to women who used religion as a kink to arouse their clients or as a tactic to earn more money or, in some cases, protect themselves when they felt threatened.<\/p>\n

I found out that rather than being incompatible, religion and spirituality can create unique connections and meaningful experiences for both sex worker and client. Tanya\u2019s story shows how sex work experiences are not one dimensional, and are not only about selling sex for money. They can hold multiple meanings. As the journalist Melissa Gira Grant suggests in her book<\/a>, sex work is a role where social skills and empathy are regularly performed. <\/p>\n

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This article is part of Conversation Insights<\/em><\/strong>
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The Insights team generates long-form journalism<\/a> derived from interdisciplinary research. The team is working with academics from different backgrounds who have been engaged in projects aimed at tackling societal and scientific challenges.<\/em><\/p>\n

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My PhD research attempts to shine a light on the realities of the everyday lives of religious sex workers, which include positive experiences as well as distressing ones. I spoke with sex workers who were Christian<\/a>, Catholic<\/a>, Muslim<\/a>, Norse Pagan<\/a> and spiritual<\/a>. All the women were over the age of 18 and were consensual sex workers. <\/p>\n

Religion, sin and \u2018morality\u2019<\/h2>\n

So, what do different religions say about sex work? Research by independent scholar Benedikta Fones, suggests<\/a> that in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament representations of sex workers are typically negative. That perhaps doesn\u2019t come as too much of a surprise. The stereotypical \u201creligious\u201d view of sex before marriage is that it is immoral, so why should sex work be any different? Fones argues that these religious ideas, about sex work being \u201cunacceptable\u201d, then spread into wider culture.<\/p>\n

Research shows<\/a> that sex work is generally considered an immoral act within Christianity, Judaism and Islam. <\/p>\n

That said, there are some religious organisations or charities that do provide essential support for some sex workers. But there are also \u201csaviour charities\u201d, whose existence gives further insight into the complex relationship between sex work and religion.<\/p>\n

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As the sociologist Gemma Ahearne<\/a> has written<\/a>, some religiously motivated groups aim to stop people working in the sex industry and aim to eradicate sex work entirely. <\/p>\n

And it\u2019s not just religious doctrines which find sex work to be immoral \u2013 some religious sex workers do too, as a research project<\/a> in Thailand discovered in 2015. But the women I spoke with rejected that narrative of religious condemnation. For them, religion and sex work can co-exist and both were a meaningful part of their lives. <\/p>\n

Using religion to earn more<\/h2>\n

One of my first discoveries was how some sex workers use religion to earn more money. One example of this was how one sex worker had decided to capitalise on her Muslim heritage to boost her \u201cbrand\u201d.<\/p>\n

Zahra and Islam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zahra is a 26-year-old British Muslim. Zahra was inspired by other women who use the hijab when sex working. From this, she created her alter ego, where she wore the hijab when she made online sexual content and when working as an escort. She said:<\/p>\n

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On Twitter \u2026 I networked with this one girl, she wears a hijab, not in her real life but using it to make more money and mix it up and she is like earning 150k, she\u2019s up there with celebrities and stuff and so, yeah I decided I would have an alter ego, my \u201choejabi\u201d, that\u2019s what I called it and I made content wearing a head scarf and like that and I had jobs coming through from that.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

So Zahra utilised the hijab and, in her own words, \u201cmade a lot of money from it\u201d. <\/p>\n

However, this coexistence of identities \u2013 as sex worker and religious person \u2013 is not simple, and must be managed by a process of constant internal negotiation. Zahra spoke to me at length about the requests she has had from clients which she turned down, because to agree with them would have challenged her religious values and morals.<\/p>\n

She added: \u201cI have had clients go, \u2018can you sit on the Qur\u2019an and cum or can I bring a Qur\u2019an and ride it whilst saying this and that\u2019, and I say no. That is too extreme for me.\u201d <\/p>\n

So although Zahra uses her religion to earn more money by sexualising Islamic symbols like the hijab, she is still a Muslim woman. She believes in Allah in her private life. She set boundaries within her work to ensure that she doesn\u2019t go against her own religious beliefs. <\/p>\n

But sexualising religion in this way can come with risks. In 2015, the former porn actor Mia Khalifa starred in a porn film while she was wearing the hijab. She received death threats as a result and was strongly criticised by some people in Muslim communities. Some claimed she was letting down the Islamic faith<\/a> (although Khalifa herself was raised Catholic). <\/p>\n

But despite \u2013 or perhaps because of \u2013 the controversy around her film, Khalifa became one of the most searched-for stars on the adult movie site Porn Hub.<\/p>\n

Being a Muslim and sex worker may be risky – but for Zahra, it was empowering and positive. And she is not alone. There is a Muslim group called Muslims for Full Decrim<\/a> whose members are also current and former sex workers who support the decriminalisation of the sex industry. Clearly, religious communities like Islam are diverse and this is reflected in how people feel about their religion and sex work. <\/p>\n

Maya, yoga and spirituality<\/strong><\/p>\n

Another sex worker I met used elements of her spiritual life to increase interest from clients. Maya, a 25-year-old British woman showed me her bedroom over a video-call. Maya, like Tanya, is a cam sex worker, so her bedroom is also her workspace. But Maya\u2019s bedroom is also the space where she practises yoga. She told me that she performed yoga on camera for her clients:<\/p>\n

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Good spiritual link, customers have said they find it relaxing to watch. Yeah, I don\u2019t know why I didn\u2019t mention that! I think it\u2019s even like, called a subculture \u2026 I sent a video of myself into the site proving I can do it [yoga], you add it to your list of specialities so people can find you for specifically doing that. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

For Maya, yoga can be relaxing and a way to connect with her spiritual identity. But it is also a way to make money and it shows how religion and spirituality are becoming more diverse and less bound by traditional religious<\/a> rules and doctrines. Maya was managing her beliefs flexibly. This was also true for Zahra.<\/p>\n

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Maya\u2019s and Zahra\u2019s stories show the evident demand from some clients for religion when they are paying for sex. Zahra and Maya sexualise their religion and spirituality when sex working \u2013 meeting the desires of clients who get off on that. <\/p>\n

Khan, a trans Norse Pagan<\/strong><\/p>\n

But there were other women I met who needed religion to help them belong.
\nKhan, a 41-year-old transgender woman, was raised Christian but now has a Norse Pagan religious identity. She told me how she changed her religious path because she felt conflicted between her gender identity, sex work identity and, specifically, her Christian identity.<\/p>\n

She said that being a transgender woman created challenges to being a Christian and that Christianity would not accept her occupation as an escort. <\/p>\n

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I don\u2019t think there is a way to reconcile the sex work with Christianity.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

It is these kinds of religious ideas about the immorality of sex work that meant Khan looked for and found a religion \u2013 Norse Paganism \u2013 which better suited her feelings and identities. Norse Pagan practices are diverse and people engage with the religion differently. An introduction to Norse Paganism<\/a> on spiritualityheath.com states that it \u201cis an inclusive spiritual practice, open to all who are moved toward it\u201d. <\/p>\n

The inclusivity offered by this religion seems to enable people with diverse and marginalised identities to feel accepted within it \u2013 in other words, it is a religious community free from judgement. For Khan, it was a welcoming religion. It helped her to overcome the challenges she had experienced as a transgender woman sex worker within the Christian faith.<\/p>\n

Khan\u2019s story supports the idea that religious beliefs are becoming more fluid and that people are able to tailor religion<\/a> to better align with their \u201cself\u201d.<\/p>\n

But, as Tanya\u2019s story showed, there are Christian sex workers who do not feel conflicted in the way that Khan did. Religious beliefs \u2013 even those within mainstream religions like Islam and Christianity \u2013 are diverse and one size does not fit all. <\/p>\n

Enhancing sexual pleasure<\/h2>\n

Another topic I was keen to examine was whether sex workers themselves experience sexual pleasure while working. This point is seldom addressed<\/a>. But according to a number of the women I interviewed, they not only enjoyed sex with some of their clients, but religion and spirituality sometimes increased that pleasure and led to more of a connection.<\/p>\n

Amy and spiritual vibes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Take Amy, for example. Amy is a 23-year-old American porn actor who has a spiritual identity. Our interview lasted nearly three hours. She explained to me how being a sex worker and being spiritual were not at \u201codds with each other\u201d. She described how they are two separate things within her life. However, she also told me that sometimes her sexual encounters (for example, when she is creating pornography) can be a spiritual experience. <\/p>\n

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Sex can still be spiritual for me \u2026 And even if you don\u2019t have, like, a connection with the person and you\u2019re not gonna see them again or don\u2019t care about them, or whatever, you can still enjoy \u2026 the moment.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Amy told me that sex could \u201cturn her brain off\u201d and \u201cthat\u2019s kind of like a spiritual experience\u201d. Amy\u2019s spirituality concerns \u201chigh vibes\u201d<\/a>, which are positive qualities such as love, and \u201clow vibes\u201d associated with negative qualities such as hatred. So for Amy, although sex work and spirituality are separate, there was also a blurring of lines between them, and some sexual experiences when making porn gave her \u201chigh vibes\u201d. <\/p>\n

LRE, astrology<\/strong><\/p>\n

Another sex worker I spoke to said that the sex part of her work could become especially enjoyable when she and her client connected over a shared love of astrology and star signs.<\/p>\n

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LRE is a 22-year-old British woman who works part-time as an escort and sexual content creator. Like Amy, LRE\u2019s spiritual identity could sometimes enhance her sexual pleasure with clients. <\/p>\n

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Oh, he was a Sagittarius [client]\u2026 we did bits and then halfway through he was like, what star sign are you? I was like, \u2018you are my new favourite person ever\u2019 \u2026 he was like laughing and smiling and I was like \u2018no seriously, I love that you asked me that\u2019 \u2026 and I thought \u2026 this is why there is such sexual chemistry.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Although the stories of Amy and LRE have some things in common, their spiritual identities were present in their sex work in different ways. In Amy\u2019s case, her spiritual identity was not necessarily known to the fellow porn actor she had sex with. But for LRE, her spiritual identity was known and openly discussed with her client. <\/p>\n

Belief as a coping strategy<\/h2>\n

Despite the many empowering and sex-positive stories I heard, there was sometimes a reminder that not all sex worker experiences are positive. <\/p>\n

Lilly, Christian Orthodox<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lilly is one such example. Lilly was a 25-year-old escort, originally from Romania. She is Christian Orthodox and lives in the UK. She told me how she prays in her head when she is with a client who makes her feel uncomfortable:<\/p>\n

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If I have a problem or think something is wrong with this guy, I start to pray in my head, and it helps me not to think because if they feel I am scared, they will take advantage. So, when I start to pray, I forget I am scared and go away from those feelings and so, he will be quiet as he doesn\u2019t feel like this. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Safety challenges are an occupational hazard for sex workers. It is important to say, though, that for Lilly at least, feeling unsafe with a client was not a regular occurrence. <\/p>\n

Lilly told me that sex work provides her with greater opportunities to earn more compared to other jobs available to her. I did feel concerned that Lilly, at times, was made to feel scared by her clients. But it was also clear to me that, for Lilly, these negative experiences do not outweigh the positive benefits she says she gains from being an escort. <\/p>\n

Decriminalisation<\/h2>\n

One way to keep sex workers like Lilly safer<\/a> is to decriminalise the sex industry. Those who oppose decriminalisation seem to be under the misconception that all sex workers are coerced, trafficked<\/a> or exploited. Although this is true for some, it is not true for most and the misconception that all sex workers are victims is itself, as research shows, a result of stigma and lack of knowledge<\/a> about the industry. <\/p>\n

It is also important to differentiate between criminalised, legalised and decriminalised sex industries. Criminalisation of the sex industry makes all sex work-related practices illegal. Legalisation of the sex industry is where sex work is legal under specific state defined conditions.<\/p>\n

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For example, under legalisation laws within the UK<\/a> (except for Northern Ireland, who have adopted the Nordic Model<\/a>) sex work practices are predominantly legal. However, some engagements with sex work such as soliciting on the street and working with another sex worker within the same house (as this is considered a brothel) are criminalised<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Decriminalisation is where sex work is stripped of regulations and sex workers can operate freely. I support the decriminalisation<\/a> of the sex industry globally because it is under these conditions that sex workers can best protect themselves and it is the first step in abolishing stigma. Research<\/a> has also shown<\/a> it is the best strategy for harm reduction<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Stigma heightens risks<\/h2>\n

Although it is not the belief of all sex workers, the women I spoke to argued strongly for the decriminalisation of the sex industry. Stories told to me by Khan and LRE, who are both escorts, are cases in point. <\/p>\n

Khan lives and works in a US state where escorting is illegal. So, if she has a violent client, she will tell staff and security at the hotel where she is working that she is on a date that has gone wrong. <\/p>\n

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\u2026 God forbid, something does happen, like there\u2019s staffed or security and I will say I was on a date and this guy went crazy \u2026 <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Khan is forced to hide her sex work from staff when she is in potential danger due to fear of prosecution. LRE faces similar issues in the UK. She told me how she has to hide her income around her hotel room when she is escorting to reduce the likelihood of theft and violence. <\/p>\n

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\u2026 If you get money, put like \u00a3100 in the safe and then anything else, just stash it around the room \u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

All the women I spoke to informed me they do not report violence from clients or thefts to the police. This is not surprising, given evidence<\/a> that women, men and transgender sex workers are all at heightened risk of police sexual misconduct in comparison to non-sex workers. <\/p>\n

Not \u2018just\u2019 sex workers<\/h2>\n

I think my interviews show that sex workers are not just sex workers \u2013 they have complex and multifaceted identities. You absolutely can be a sex worker and be religious or spiritual. But it is not necessarily easy to always get a balance. It is the result of constant and skilful identity management. The stories of women like Tanya, Maya, Zahra, LRE, Amy, Lilly and Khan underline how important it is to recognise the sheer diversity of people who work in this industry. <\/p>\n

Although there are negative experiences in the sex industry, the women I spoke to, on the whole, felt empowered by their profession. They saw it as providing great opportunities for earning money and offering them positive experiences. <\/p>\n

And, importantly, it didn\u2019t get in the way of their religious and spiritual beliefs. As Zahra told me at the end of our discussion: <\/p>\n

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\u2026I do believe in God and believe in Allah and in my private life. I believe in it. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

So whether it was Tanya consoling a church elder, or Zahra finding a way to utilise her Muslim faith, these women were opening up new discussions about what it means to be a sex worker. <\/p>\n

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All names have been changed to protect the identities of those involved.<\/em><\/p>\n

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For you: more from our Insights series<\/a>:<\/em><\/p>\n