{"id":5905,"date":"2024-04-15T09:45:45","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T09:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=5905"},"modified":"2024-04-15T09:45:45","modified_gmt":"2024-04-15T09:45:45","slug":"gaza-war-israel-using-ai-to-identify-human-targets-raising-fears-that-innocents-are-being-caught-in-the-net","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/gaza-war-israel-using-ai-to-identify-human-targets-raising-fears-that-innocents-are-being-caught-in-the-net\/","title":{"rendered":"Gaza war: Israel using AI to identify human targets raising fears that innocents are being caught in the\u00a0net"},"content":{"rendered":"

Elke Schwarz<\/a>, Queen Mary University of London<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

A report<\/a> by Jerusalem-based investigative journalists published in +972<\/a> magazine finds that AI targeting systems have played a key role in identifying \u2013 and potentially misidentifying \u2013 tens of thousands of targets in Gaza. This suggests that autonomous warfare is no longer a future scenario. It is already here and the consequences are horrifying.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

There are two technologies in question. The first, \u201cLavender\u201d<\/a>, is an AI recommendation system designed to use algorithms to identify Hamas operatives as targets. The second, the grotesquely named \u201cWhere\u2019s Daddy?\u201d<\/a>, is a system which tracks targets geographically so that they can be followed into their family residences before being attacked. Together, these two systems constitute an automation of the find-fix-track-target<\/a> components of what is known by the modern military as the \u201ckill chain\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Systems such as Lavender are not autonomous weapons, but they do accelerate the kill chain and make the process of killing progressively more autonomous. AI targeting systems draw on data from computer sensors and other sources to statistically assess what constitutes a potential target. Vast amounts of this data are gathered by Israeli intelligence through surveillance on the 2.3 million inhabitants of Gaza. <\/p>\n

Such systems are trained on a set of data to produce the profile of a Hamas operative. This could be data about gender, age, appearance, movement patterns, social network relationships, accessories, and other \u201crelevant features<\/a>\u201d. They then work to match actual Palestinians to this profile by degree of fit. The category of what constitutes relevant features of a target can be set as stringently or as loosely as is desired. In the case of Lavender, it seems one of the key equations was \u201cmale equals militant\u201d. This has echoes of the infamous \u201call military-aged males are potential targets\u201d<\/a> mandate of the 2010 US drone wars in which the Obama administration identified and assassinated hundreds of people designated as enemies \u201cbased on metadata<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

What is different with AI in the mix is the speed with which targets can be algorithmically determined and the mandate of action this issues. The +972 report indicates that the use of this technology has led to the dispassionate annihilation of thousands of eligible \u2013 and ineligible \u2013 targets at speed and without much human oversight. <\/p>\n

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) were swift to deny the use of AI targeting systems of this kind. And it is difficult to verify independently whether and, if so, the extent to which they have been used, and how exactly they function. But the functionalities described by the report are entirely plausible, especially given the IDF\u2019s own boasts to be \u201cone of the most technological organisations<\/a>\u201d and an early adopter of AI. <\/p>\n

With military AI programs around the world striving to shorten what the US military calls the \u201csensor-to-shooter timeline\u201d<\/a> and \u201cincrease lethality\u201d<\/a> in their operations, why would an organisation such as the IDF not avail themselves of the latest technologies?<\/p>\n

The fact is, systems such as Lavender and Where\u2019s Daddy? are the manifestation of a broader trend which has been underway for a good decade and the IDF and its elite units are far from the only ones seeking to implement more AI-targeting systems into their processes.<\/p>\n

When machines trump humans<\/h2>\n

Earlier this year, Bloomberg reported on the latest version of Project Maven<\/a>, the US Department of Defense AI pathfinder programme, which has evolved from being a sensor data analysis programme in 2017 to a full-blown AI-enabled target recommendation system built for speed. As Bloomberg journalist Katrina Manson reports<\/a>, the operator \u201ccan now sign off on as many as 80 targets in an hour of work, versus 30 without it\u201d. <\/p>\n

Manson quotes a US army officer tasked with learning the system describing the process of concurring with the algorithm\u2019s conclusions, delivered in a rapid staccato: \u201cAccept. Accept, Accept\u201d. Evident here is how the human operator is deeply embedded in digital logics that are difficult to contest. This gives rise to a logic of speed and increased output that trumps all else. <\/p>\n

The efficient production of death is reflected also in the +972 account, which indicated an enormous pressure to accelerate and increase the production of targets and the killing of these targets. As one of the sources says: \u201cWe were constantly being pressured: bring us more targets. They really shouted at us. We finished [killing] our targets very quickly\u201d. <\/p>\n

Built-in biases<\/h2>\n

Systems like Lavender raise many ethical questions pertaining to training data, biases, accuracy, error rates and, importantly, questions of automation bias. Automation bias cedes all authority, including moral authority, to the dispassionate interface of statistical processing. <\/p>\n

Speed and lethality are the watchwords for military tech. But in prioritising AI, the scope for human agency<\/a> is marginalised. The logic of the system requires this, owing to the comparatively slow cognitive systems of the human. It also removes the human sense of responsibility for computer-produced outcomes.<\/p>\n

I\u2019ve written elsewhere<\/a> how this complicates notions of control (at all levels) in ways that we must take into consideration. When AI, machine learning and human reasoning form a tight ecosystem, the capacity for human control is limited. Humans have a tendency to trust whatever computers say, especially when they move too fast for us to follow.<\/p>\n

The problem of speed and acceleration also produces a general sense of urgency, which privileges action over non-action. This turns categories such as \u201ccollateral damage\u201d or \u201cmilitary necessity\u201d, which should serve as a restraint to violence, into channels for producing more violence.<\/p>\n

I am reminded of the military scholar Christopher Coker\u2019s words<\/a>: \u201cwe must choose our tools carefully, not because they are inhumane (all weapons are) but because the more we come to rely on them, the more they shape our view of the world\u201d. It is clear that military AI shapes our view of the world. Tragically, Lavender gives us cause to realise that this view is laden with violence.\"The<\/p>\n

Elke Schwarz<\/a>, Reader in Political Theory, Queen Mary University of London<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elke Schwarz, Queen Mary University of London A report by Jerusalem-based investigative journalists published in +972 magazine finds that AI targeting systems have playedRead More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5906,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowu7GVCw:productID":"","_crdt_document":"","activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federate","footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[52,12200,12202,53,722,54,10328,12205,12201,11126,10968,12204,7405,12203,12197,744],"class_list":["post-5905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conflict-and-war","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-bombing-of-the-gaza-strip","tag-christopher-coker","tag-computational-neuroscience","tag-creative-commons","tag-cybernetics","tag-data-science","tag-drone-warfare","tag-elke-schwarz","tag-gaza","tag-hamas","tag-israel-defense-forces","tag-jerusalem","tag-katrina-manson","tag-lethal-autonomous-weapon","tag-united-states"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/file-20240412-18-bhefwk-1024x683.jpg","blog_images":{"medium":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/file-20240412-18-bhefwk-300x200.jpg","large":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/file-20240412-18-bhefwk-1024x683.jpg"},"ams_acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGaza war: Israel using AI to identify human targets raising fears that innocents are being caught in the\u00a0net - 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