{"id":7101,"date":"2024-12-26T13:42:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-26T13:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/?p=7101"},"modified":"2024-12-26T13:43:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T13:43:16","slug":"who-chooses-to-work-and-who-is-forced-to-after-retirement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/who-chooses-to-work-and-who-is-forced-to-after-retirement\/","title":{"rendered":"Who chooses to work, and who is forced to, after\u00a0retirement?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n<p>  <span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/takao-maruyama-1475159\">Takao Maruyama<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-bradford-911\">University of Bradford<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/vincent-charles-1493688\">Vincent Charles<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/queens-university-belfast-687\">Queen&#8217;s University Belfast<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The state pension age in the UK is currently 66. Yet 9.5% of people aged 66 and older (1.12 million people) were still working, according to the most recent data from the UK\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/datacatalogue\/studies\/study?id=9307\">Annual Population Survey<\/a> (July 2023 to June 2024). This figure has been rising over the past decade, increasing from 8.70% (880,000 people) in July 2013 to June 2014.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>We think of retirement as a time to pursue hobbies, relax and enjoy the fruits of our labour. So why then, are so many people still working beyond retirement age, and who are they? This is what we sought to find out in a <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrssig\/article\/22\/1\/8\/7919564\">recent study<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>We investigated who is more likely to \u201cchoose to work\u201d and who is \u201cforced to work\u201d, using data from the UK\u2019s annual population survey.<\/p>\n<p>Older workers are not a homogeneous population. They differ in terms of age, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, financial situation, health conditions and more. Likewise, the reasons for working beyond retirement age vary widely. Some may work because they want to, while others may have no option and feel they have to work in order to make ends meet.<\/p>\n<p>The below chart shows the breakdown of these retirement-age workers by key demographic and socioeconomic characteristics from the most recent data. <\/p>\n<p>Three in five retirement-age workers were men, and almost all (94.4%) older workers were white. Just over half (51.5%) of older workers continued to work despite having long-term illnesses. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Characteristics of workers aged 66 and older:<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=613&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=613&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=613&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=770&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=770&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639443\/original\/file-20241218-15-ea2o7b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=770&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Workers aged 66 years and older by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Author provided, data from Annual Population Survey July 2023 to June 2024<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The majority (71.2%) of older workers were married, in a civil partnership or cohabiting. Nearly 40% of older workers were employed in higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations, followed by intermediate occupations such as sales or some service roles (32.1%), and routine manual occupations (25.6%). <\/p>\n<p>More than 85% of retirement-age workers lived in the south (52.8%) and the north (33.1%) of England, and 70% are homeowners.<\/p>\n<h2>Who is \u2018forced\u2019 to work?<\/h2>\n<p>In our study, we calculated the likelihood of pension-age workers (66 years and older) with varying demographic and socioeconomic characteristics being forced to work.<\/p>\n<p>The Annual Population Survey identifies six main reasons why older workers continue working beyond retirement age. These are: <\/p>\n<p>A. To pay for desirable items (such as holidays),<br \/>\nB. Not ready to stop work,<br \/>\nC. Employer needs your experience or you are needed in the family business,<br \/>\nD. Due to opportunities to work more flexible hours,<br \/>\nE. To pay for essential items (such as bills), and<br \/>\nF. To boost pension pot.<\/p>\n<p>In our study, we classed reasons (A) to (D) as \u201cchoose to work\u201d, and (E) and (F) as \u201cforced to work\u201d. Our analysis, based on the most recent dataset (April 2022 to March 2023) at the time of <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrssig\/article\/22\/1\/8\/7919564\">the study<\/a>, revealed that women are 25% more likely to be forced to work compared to men, and Asian workers are 120% more likely to be forced to work than white workers (with 34% and 17% more likely for older workers from black and other ethnic backgrounds, respectively).<\/p>\n<p>Workers without long-term illness are 33% less likely to be forced to work than those with long-term illness, and non-married or single workers are 56% more likely to be forced to work compared to seniors who are married, in a civil partnership or cohabiting.<\/p>\n<p>Workers in intermediate and routine manual occupations are 37% and 67% more likely to be forced to work, respectively, compared to those in higher managerial occupations. Older workers from the south of England are more likely to be be forced to work compared to seniors from any other parts of the UK, and retirement-age workers with mortgages or renting were 117% more likely to be forced to work compared to those who owned their properties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Who is more likely to be \u2018forced to work\u2019?:<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=455&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=455&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=455&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=572&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=572&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/639446\/original\/file-20241218-15-6w6iud.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=572&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">% comparison of likelihood of being \u2018forced to work\u2019.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Author provided, data from Annual Population Survey April 2022 to March 2023.<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Ageing populations<\/h2>\n<p>This matters because of the changing nature of work, the rising cost of living and the UK\u2019s ageing population. Retirement-age workers will be increasingly pressured to work longer due to the rising state pension age (due to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ageuk.org.uk\/information-advice\/money-legal\/pensions\/state-pension\/changes-to-state-pension-age\/\">increase<\/a> to 67 in 2026-27).<\/p>\n<p>Understanding who works by choice and who by necessity into retirement age is important, because these groups will need different kinds of support and resources.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the higher likelihood of being forced to work among older female workers can be partly attributed to career breaks they took to serve as primary caregivers for their children, which often prevented them from <a href=\"https:\/\/group.legalandgeneral.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/legal-general-calls-for-urgent-action-as-uk-gender-pension-gap-makes-slow-progress\">accumulating sufficient pensions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As the state pension age is expected to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ageuk.org.uk\/information-advice\/money-legal\/pensions\/state-pension\/changes-to-state-pension-age\/\">continue rising<\/a>, it is crucial for policymakers and employers to design support systems for diverse demographic and socioeconomic groups of older workers, addressing their unique needs. This starts with understanding why people are working into old age.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/246214\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1\/1;border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/takao-maruyama-1475159\">Takao Maruyama<\/a>, Assistant Professor in Business Analytics, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-bradford-911\">University of Bradford<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/vincent-charles-1493688\">Vincent Charles<\/a>, Reader in AI for Business and Management Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/queens-university-belfast-687\">Queen&#8217;s University Belfast<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/who-chooses-to-work-and-who-is-forced-to-after-retirement-246214\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Takao Maruyama, University of Bradford and Vincent Charles, Queen&#8217;s University Belfast The state pension age in the UK is currently 66. Yet 9.5% of<a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/index.php\/who-chooses-to-work-and-who-is-forced-to-after-retirement\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7102,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowu7GVCw:productID":"","_crdt_document":"","activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federate","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[13721,2012,13726,722,12214,13723,3948,13722,5300,13720,2011,13719,13724,723,13725],"class_list":["post-7101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-ageing","tag-belfast","tag-cohabitation","tag-creative-commons","tag-demographic-economics","tag-financial-gerontology","tag-gerontology","tag-pension","tag-personal-finance","tag-population-ageing","tag-queens-university-belfast","tag-retirement","tag-takao-maruyama","tag-united-kingdom","tag-vincent-charles"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/file-20241218-16-rfqpo1-1024x683.jpg","blog_images":{"medium":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/file-20241218-16-rfqpo1-300x200.jpg","large":"https:\/\/mpelembe.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/file-20241218-16-rfqpo1-1024x683.jpg"},"ams_acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who chooses to work, and who is forced to, after\u00a0retirement? 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